C1–C2 English Vocabulary List: 371 Words by Frequency

RankWord Definition PronunciationPart of speech LevelExample

1108 thus as a result; in this way /ˈðʌs/ adverb C1 He was ill and thus unable to come.

2053 stake a share or interest in a business /ˈsteɪk/ noun C1 She owns a stake in the company.

2062 grace smooth and elegant movement /ˈɡɹeɪs/ noun C1 She moved with natural grace.

2076 bond a close link between people; or a loan sold as an investment /ˈbɑnd/ noun C1 There is a strong bond between them.

2107 assault a violent physical attack on a person /əˈsɔlt/ noun C1 He was charged with assault.

2118 combat fighting between soldiers in a war /ˈkɑmbæt/ noun C1 He was killed in combat.

2220 ratio the relation in size between two amounts /ˈɹeɪʃiˌoʊ/ noun C1 The ratio of boys to girls is two to one.

2339 revenue money that a business or government receives /ˈɹɛvəˌnu/ noun C1 The company's revenue rose by ten percent.

2400 personnel the people employed by an organization /ˌpɝsəˈnɛl/ noun C1 Only authorized personnel may enter.

2412 chamber a large room used for official meetings /ˈtʃeɪmbɚ/ noun C1 The meeting was held in the council chamber.

2445 acquired got or bought something /əˈkwaɪɚd/ verb C1 The company acquired a rival firm.

2465 deputy the person second in rank who acts for the leader /ˈdɛpjəti/ noun C1 She is the deputy head of the school.

2635 fleet a group of ships or vehicles under one owner /ˈflit/ noun C1 The company has a fleet of trucks.

2638 legacy something passed on by someone who has died or left /ˈlɛɡəsi/ noun C1 His legacy will live on.

2655 bound certain to happen; or required by law or duty /ˈbaʊnd/ adjective C1 He is bound to win.

2682 footage film recorded of a real event /ˈfʊtɪdʒ/ noun C1 The news showed footage of the fire.

2695 gross total, before anything is taken away; or disgusting /ˈɡɹoʊs/ adjective C1 Their gross income rose last year.

2720 bishop a senior priest in charge of the churches in an area /ˈbɪʃəp/ noun C1 The bishop led the service.

2724 commissioner an official in charge of a government department or police force /kəˈmɪʃənɚ/ noun C1 The police commissioner resigned.

2738 presidential relating to the head of state or that office /ˌpɹɛzəˈdɛnʃəl/ adjective C1 The presidential election is in November.

2788 ed schooling or lessons, in a short informal form /ˈɛd/ noun C1 He took driver's ed last summer.

2821 custody the legal right to care for a child; or being held by police /ˈkʌstədi/ noun C1 She got custody of the children.

2867 settlement an agreement ending a dispute; or a newly built village /ˈsɛtəlmənt/ noun C1 The two sides reached a settlement.

2878 ongoing still happening and not yet finished /ˈɑnˌɡoʊɪŋ/ adjective C1 The investigation is ongoing.

2889 offense a crime; or a feeling of being insulted /əˈfɛns/ noun C1 Driving drunk is a serious offense.

2914 lieutenant a junior officer in the army, navy or police /luˈtɛnənt/ noun C1 The lieutenant gave the order.

2927 enforcement making sure that laws or rules are obeyed /ɛnˈfɔɹsmənt/ noun C1 Law enforcement officers arrived.

2932 forth forward or onward /ˈfɔɹθ/ adverb C1 He paced back and forth.

2954 alleged said to have happened or be true, but not proven /əˈlɛdʒd/ adjective C1 The alleged attack took place at night.

2955 inflation a general rise in prices over time /ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən/ noun C1 Inflation rose to five percent.

2957 suspended stopped from working or playing for a time; or hung up /səˈspɛndɪd/ verb C1 The player was suspended for three games.

2981 extent how large, important or serious something is /ɪkˈstɛnt/ noun C1 To what extent do you agree?

2987 engage to attract someone's interest and attention; or to take part /ɛnˈɡeɪdʒ/ verb C1 The teacher tries to engage the students.

3048 corps a branch or unit of an army, or an organised group /ˈkɔɹ/ noun C1 He joined the Marine Corps.

3060 infrastructure roads, power and other basic systems a society needs /ˌɪnfɹəˈstɹʌktʃɚ/ noun C1 The country needs better infrastructure.

3102 enterprise a business or company; or a bold project /ˈɛntɚˌpɹaɪz/ noun C1 It is a small private enterprise.

3117 protocol a set of official rules for how to act /ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑl/ noun C1 Doctors must follow strict protocol.

3141 exposure being open to the effects of something harmful /ɪkˈspoʊʒɚ/ noun C1 Exposure to the sun can damage skin.

3155 ruling an official decision by a judge or court /ˈɹulɪŋ/ noun C1 The court's ruling was final.

3161 hence for this reason /ˈhɛns/ adverb C1 The road was closed, hence the delay.

3173 transaction an act of buying, selling or moving money /tɹænˈzækʃən/ noun C1 Every transaction is recorded.

3198 warrant a legal paper letting police arrest or search /ˈwɔɹənt/ noun C1 Police had a warrant for his arrest.

3221 yield to produce crops or profit; or to give way /ˈjild/ verb, noun C1 The trees yield a lot of fruit.

3223 odds how likely something is to happen /ˈɑdz/ noun C1 The odds are against us.

3224 beloved much loved /bɪˈlʌvd/ adjective C1 He returned to his beloved city.

3232 foster to care for a child who is not your own; or encourage /ˈfɑstɚ/ verb, adjective C1 They foster children in need.

3241 frequency how often something happens /ˈfɹikwənsi/ noun C1 The frequency of attacks has increased.

3249 residence the place where someone lives, often grand /ˈɹɛzɪdəns/ noun C1 The palace is the king's official residence.

3257 dismissed removed from a job, or rejected as unimportant /dɪˈsmɪst/ verb C1 He was dismissed from his job.

3260 equivalent the same in value, amount or meaning /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ noun, adjective C1 One dollar is roughly equivalent to one euro.

3270 patrol a group that moves around an area to guard it /pəˈtɹoʊl/ noun, verb C1 A police patrol stopped the car.

3279 fraud the crime of cheating people to get money /ˈfɹɔd/ noun C1 He was jailed for fraud.

3301 classified officially secret /ˈklæsəˌfaɪd/ adjective C1 The documents are classified.

3310 liberty freedom from control /ˈlɪbɚˌti/ noun C1 They fought for liberty.

3312 boom a sudden period of rapid growth; or a loud noise /ˈbum/ noun C1 There was a boom in house prices.

3313 execution the legal killing of someone as punishment /ˌɛksəˈkjuʃən/ noun C1 The execution took place at dawn.

3341 transmission the passing of something from one to another; or a broadcast /tɹænˈsmɪʃən/ noun C1 The transmission of the virus is rapid.

3354 defendant the person accused in a court case /dɪˈfɛndənt/ noun C1 The defendant pleaded not guilty.

3360 vessel a large boat or ship; or a container for liquid /ˈvɛsəl/ noun C1 The vessel sank in the storm.

3364 corruption dishonest behaviour by people in power, such as taking bribes /kɚˈʌpʃən/ noun C1 The minister was accused of corruption.

3368 liberal open to new ideas and accepting of others' freedom /ˈlɪˌbɝəl/ adjective C1 She has liberal views.

3370 fundamental forming the basic and most important part /ˌfʌndəˈmɛntəl/ adjective C1 There is a fundamental problem.

3379 evolution the slow change of living things over time /ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ noun C1 Darwin wrote about evolution.

3381 chaos complete confusion and disorder /ˈkeɪɑs/ noun C1 The roads were in chaos after the storm.

3390 seal a sea animal with flippers; or an official stamp /ˈsil/ noun, verb C1 We saw a seal on the rocks.

3397 sacred holy and respected for religious reasons /ˈseɪkɹəd/ adjective C1 The temple is a sacred place.

3420 initiative the ability to act without being told; or a new plan /ˌɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ noun C1 She showed great initiative.

3421 legislation laws, or the making of laws /ˌlɛdʒəˈsleɪʃən/ noun C1 New legislation protects workers.

3434 latter the second of two things mentioned /ˈlætɚ/ noun, adjective C1 Of tea and coffee, I prefer the latter.

3436 radar a system using radio waves to find objects /ˈɹeɪˌdɑɹ/ noun C1 The plane disappeared from the radar.

3439 gene a unit in a cell that passes features from parent to child /ˈdʒin/ noun C1 Eye colour is controlled by a gene.

3444 imperial of an empire or emperor /ˌɪmˈpɪɹiəl/ adjective C1 They visited the imperial palace.

3448 radiation dangerous energy given off by some substances /ˌɹeɪdiˈeɪʃən/ noun C1 They were exposed to radiation.

3449 rape the crime of forcing someone to have sex /ˈɹeɪp/ noun C1 He was charged with rape.

3455 asset a useful quality or person; or something of value owned /ˈæˌsɛt/ noun C1 She is a great asset to the team.

3482 beta an early test version of software; or the second Greek letter /ˈbeɪtə/ noun C2 You can test the beta version now.

3493 pursue to follow, or try to achieve, something /pɚˈsu/ verb C1 She wants to pursue a career in law.

3499 operational working and ready for use /ˌɑpɚˈeɪʃənəl/ adjective C1 The new airport will be operational next year.

3512 formation the way something develops; or a shape or pattern /fɔɹˈmeɪʃən/ noun C1 The rock formation is millions of years old.

3516 surveillance close watching of people, often secretly /sɚˈveɪləns/ noun C1 The suspect was under police surveillance.

3533 convicted found guilty of a crime by a court /kənˈvɪktəd/ verb C1 He was convicted of murder.

3545 summit a meeting of heads of government; or a mountain top /ˈsʌmət/ noun C1 World leaders met at the summit.

3574 elite the richest or most powerful group in society /ɪˈlit/ noun, adjective C1 Only the elite can afford to live there.

3589 prominent well known and important /ˈpɹɑmənənt/ adjective C1 She is a prominent member of the party.

3592 regime a government, especially one that rules by force /ɹəˈʒim/ noun C1 The regime arrested its critics.

3634 glory great fame and honour won by achievement /ˈɡlɔɹi/ noun C1 They fought for honour and glory.

3636 orbit the curved path of one body travelling around another /ˈɔɹbət/ noun, verb C1 The satellite is in orbit around the earth.

3652 output the amount that something produces /ˈaʊtˌpʊt/ noun C1 The factory has increased its output.

3656 encounter to meet or face something unexpectedly /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ verb, noun C1 We may encounter some problems.

3660 throne the special chair of a king or queen; or their power /ˈθɹoʊn/ noun C1 The prince will one day take the throne.

3663 conspiracy a secret plan by a group to do something wrong /kənˈspɪɹəsi/ noun C1 They were found guilty of conspiracy to murder.

3666 debut a first public appearance /deɪˈbju/ noun C1 She made her debut on stage at sixteen.

3685 divine coming from or relating to God or a god /dɪˈvaɪn/ adjective C1 They believed in divine punishment.

3688 boundaries lines marking the edges of an area /ˈbaʊndɚiz/ noun C1 The river marks the boundaries of the farm.

3691 tribute something done or said to show respect and thanks /ˈtɹɪbjut/ noun C1 The concert was a tribute to the singer.

3692 hydrogen the lightest gas, which burns easily /ˈhaɪdɹədʒən/ noun C1 Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.

3696 input ideas or help given to a project; or data put into a computer /ˈɪnˌpʊt/ noun C1 We would value your input on this project.

3699 emerged came out or appeared from somewhere hidden /ɪˈmɝdʒd/ verb C1 A man emerged from the shadows.

3726 franchise a right to sell a company's goods; or a series of related films /ˈfɹænˌtʃaɪz/ noun C1 The film franchise has made billions.

3727 federation a group of states or organisations united under one body /ˌfɛdɚˈeɪʃən/ noun C1 He is president of the football federation.

3731 testimony a formal statement made in a court of law /ˈtɛstəˌmoʊni/ noun C1 Her testimony helped convict the killer.

3741 virgin someone who has never had sex /ˈvɝdʒɪn/ noun, adjective C1 He was still a virgin at twenty.

3745 disorder an illness of the mind or body; or a lack of order /dɪˈsɔɹdɚ/ noun C1 She suffers from an eating disorder.

3747 burden something heavy or difficult that someone must carry /ˈbɝdən/ noun C1 He did not want to be a burden to his family.

3750 distinct clearly noticed; or clearly separate /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ adjective C1 There is a distinct smell of gas.

3767 sustained continuing for a long time without stopping /səˈsteɪnd/ adjective, verb C1 The company has seen sustained growth.

3773 premier the head of a government; or the best or most important /pɹɛˈmɪɹ/ noun, adjective C1 The premier visited the flooded region.

3778 proceed to go on, or move forward, to the next step or place /pɹəˈsid/ verb C1 Please proceed to the exit.

3781 stroke a sudden blocking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain /ˈstɹoʊk/ noun C1 He had a stroke last year.

3787 serial repeating the same act many times, one after another /ˈsɪˌɹiəl/ adjective C1 Police are hunting a serial killer.

3812 collective shared or done by all members of a group /kəˈlɛktɪv/ adjective C1 It was a collective decision.

3818 mercy kindness shown to someone you could punish /ˈmɝsi/ noun C1 The prisoners begged for mercy.

3822 mechanism a set of moving parts that do a job; or a system /ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm/ noun C1 The clock has a simple mechanism.

3826 cargo goods carried by ship, plane or truck /ˈkɑɹˌɡoʊ/ noun C1 The ship was carrying a cargo of oil.

3835 consumption the amount of something that is used up /kənˈsʌmpʃən/ noun C1 Fuel consumption has fallen this year.

3836 mere only, and nothing more important /ˈmɪɹ/ adjective C1 It costs a mere ten euros.

3838 receiver the part of a phone you hold to your ear /ɹəˈsivɚ/ noun C1 He picked up the receiver and dialled.

3841 alpha the first letter of the Greek writing system /ˈælfə/ noun C2 Alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet.

3845 amendment a change made to a law or document /əˈmɛndmənt/ noun C1 Parliament passed an amendment to the law.

3865 quantum relating to the physics of very tiny particles of energy /ˈkwɑntəm/ adjective, noun C2 He studies quantum physics.

3868 dispute a serious argument or disagreement /dɪˈspjut/ noun C1 There is a dispute over the border.

3871 fucking a very rude word used to add force /ˈfʌkɪŋ/ adjective, adverb C2 Shut the fucking door!

3889 quest a long search for something difficult to find /ˈkwɛst/ noun C1 Their quest for the truth took years.

3891 retreat to move back away from danger or an enemy /ɹiˈtɹit/ verb, noun C1 The army was forced to retreat.

3894 wisdom good judgement that comes from experience /ˈwɪzdəm/ noun C1 She has great wisdom and experience.

3896 resolve to find an answer to a problem or end an argument /ɹiˈzɑlv/ verb C1 We need to resolve this problem quickly.

3901 citation a reference to the source of a quotation /saɪˈteɪʃən/ noun C2 Add a citation for this quote.

3903 devoted giving a lot of love and loyalty to someone /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/ adjective C1 She is a devoted mother.

3904 radical extreme and complete; very new and different /ˈɹædəkəl/ adjective C1 The government made radical changes.

3905 surrender to stop fighting and admit defeat /sɚˈɛndɚ/ verb, noun C1 The soldiers refused to surrender.

3910 establishment a business or organisation; or the powerful people who control a society /ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/ noun C1 The restaurant is a popular establishment.

3919 punk a loud, aggressive style of rock music from the 1970s /ˈpʌŋk/ noun C1 He played in a punk band in the 1970s.

3928 gambling playing games of chance for money /ˈɡæmbəlɪŋ/ noun C1 He lost all his money through gambling.

3929 grid a pattern of crossing lines; or a network of power lines /ˈɡɹɪd/ noun C1 The town is built on a grid of streets.

3934 terror extreme fear /ˈtɛɹɚ/ noun C1 They ran away in terror.

3939 abortion ending a pregnancy on purpose /əˈbɔɹʃən/ noun C1 She decided to have an abortion.

3942 momentum the force that keeps something moving or growing /moʊˈmɛntəm/ noun C1 The campaign is gaining momentum.

3943 triple to become or make three times as much /ˈtɹɪpəl/ verb, adjective C1 Sales could triple next year.

3948 adoption legally taking another person's child as your own /əˈdɑpʃən/ noun C1 They are considering adoption.

3952 intent a purpose or plan to do something /ˌɪnˈtɛnt/ noun C1 He was charged with intent to kill.

3956 transformation a complete change in form or character /ˌtɹænsfɚˈmeɪʃən/ noun C1 The city has undergone a complete transformation.

3962 toxic poisonous and harmful to health /ˈtɑksɪk/ adjective C1 The factory released toxic chemicals.

3963 integrity the quality of being honest and having strong morals /ˌɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/ noun C1 She is a woman of great integrity.

3964 lawsuit a case brought to a court to settle a dispute /ˈlɔˌsut/ noun C1 They filed a lawsuit against the company.

3967 consideration careful thought about something before deciding /kənˌsɪdɚˈeɪʃən/ noun C1 After careful consideration, we accepted.

3969 agenda a list of things to be discussed at a meeting /əˈdʒɛndə/ noun C1 What is on the agenda for today's meeting?

3971 magnetic able to attract iron and steel /mæɡˈnɛtɪk/ adjective C1 The earth has a magnetic field.

3973 assessment a judgement about the quality or value of something /əˈsɛsmənt/ noun C1 The teacher made an assessment of each student.

3974 completion the state of being finished /kəmˈpliʃən/ noun C1 The bridge is nearing completion.

3976 reign the period when a king or queen rules /ˈɹeɪn/ noun, verb C1 The queen's reign lasted sixty years.

3982 loop a shape like a circle made by a line curving round /ˈlup/ noun C1 Tie the rope in a loop.

3987 compound a substance made of two or more elements joined together /ˈkɑmpaʊnd/ noun C1 Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.

3990 founder a person who starts an organisation /ˈfaʊndɚ/ noun C1 He is the founder of the company.

3993 parallel side by side and always the same distance apart /ˈpɛɹəˌlɛl/ adjective, noun C1 The road runs parallel to the river.

3994 raid a sudden surprise attack or police search /ˈɹeɪd/ noun, verb C1 Police carried out a raid on the house.

4017 designated officially chosen for a purpose /ˈdɛzɪɡˌneɪtɪd/ adjective C1 Smoking is allowed only in designated areas.

4022 consensus general agreement among a group /kənˈsɛnsəs/ noun C1 There is a broad consensus on this issue.

4024 allegedly according to claims not yet proved /əˈlɛdʒədli/ adverb C1 He allegedly stole the money.

4025 venture a risky new business project /ˈvɛntʃɚ/ noun C1 The new business venture was a success.

4031 compensation money paid for loss or injury /ˌkɑmpənˈseɪʃən/ noun C1 They received compensation for the damage.

4033 naval to do with a country's navy /ˈneɪvəl/ adjective C1 He served as a naval officer.

4037 accomplished highly skilled at something /əˈkɑmplɪʃt/ adjective C1 She is an accomplished pianist.

4046 clinical to do with treating patients /ˈklɪnəkəl/ adjective C1 The drug is still in clinical trials.

4047 indigenous living in a place from the earliest times /ˌɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ adjective C1 They met with indigenous groups.

4050 ally a country or person that supports another /ˈælaɪ/ noun C1 Britain is a close ally.

4053 fuck a very rude swear word showing anger /ˈfʌk/ interjection, verb C1 Oh fuck, I forgot my keys!

4065 prosecution the side that brings a criminal case to court /ˌpɹɑsəˈkjuʃən/ noun C1 The prosecution called its first witness.

4075 trauma deep shock caused by a terrible event /ˈtɹɔmə/ noun C1 She still suffers from the trauma of the war.

4120 coalition a group of parties working together, often in government /ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃən/ noun C1 The two parties formed a coalition.

4130 phenomenon a fact or event that can be seen, often unusual /fəˈnɑməˌnɑn/ noun C1 Snow in the desert is a rare phenomenon.

4132 margin the empty edge of a page; or a difference in amount /ˈmɑɹdʒən/ noun C1 They won by a narrow margin.

4136 unity the state of being joined together as one /ˈjunəti/ noun C1 The leader called for national unity.

4143 counsel a lawyer in court; or advice /ˈkaʊnsəl/ noun C2 He spoke with his legal counsel.

4178 bail money paid so an accused person can leave jail until trial /ˈbeɪl/ noun C1 He was released on bail.

4181 representation having people who speak or act for a group /ˌɹɛpɹəzɛnˈteɪʃən/ noun C1 Women lack representation in parliament.

4184 vacuum a space with no air in it; or a cleaner that sucks up dust /ˈvækjum/ noun C1 Nature cannot stand a vacuum.

4187 intervention action taken to change what is happening /ˌɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ noun C1 Quick intervention saved his life.

4193 sue to take someone to court to claim money /ˈsu/ verb C1 They plan to sue the company.

4194 legitimate allowed by law; or fair and reasonable /ləˈdʒɪtəmət/ adjective C1 That is a legitimate question.

4204 deceased dead, especially not long ago /dɪˈsist/ adjective C1 The deceased man had no family.

4206 seized took hold of suddenly, or by force /ˈsizd/ verb C1 Police seized the drugs at the border.

4216 fluid a liquid, or anything that flows /ˈfluəd/ noun C1 Brake fluid was leaking from the car.

4221 particles extremely small pieces of matter /ˈpɑɹtəkəlz/ noun C1 Tiny particles of dust filled the air.

4222 delta the area where a river splits before reaching the sea /ˈdɛltə/ noun C1 Rice grows well in the river delta.

4226 scenario a possible series of future events /sɪˈnɛɹioʊ/ noun C1 In the worst scenario, we lose everything.

4229 notion an idea or belief /ˈnoʊʃən/ noun C1 I had no notion of what he meant.

4246 ass the bottom, in rude speech; or a donkey /ˈæs/ noun C1 Get your ass over here now!

4252 blessed holy; or lucky to have something good /ˈblɛst/ adjective C1 We were blessed with good weather.

4254 inquiry an official study of what happened; or a question /ˌɪnˈkwaɪˌɹi/ noun C1 The government ordered an inquiry into the crash.

4259 desired wanted or hoped for /dɪˈzaɪɚd/ adjective C1 The plan had the desired effect.

4264 quarterback the player who throws the ball in American football /ˈkwɔɹtɚˌbæk/ noun C1 The quarterback threw a long pass.

4273 narrative a story, or the way a story is told /ˈnæɹətɪv/ noun C1 The novel has a simple narrative.

4279 revolutionary bringing great change; or fighting to overthrow a government /ˌɹɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛɹi/ adjective C1 It was a revolutionary idea.

4283 reed a tall grass that grows near water /ˈɹid/ noun C2 A single reed bent in the wind.

4284 suite a set of connected rooms in a hotel /ˈswit/ noun C1 They booked a suite at the hotel.

4285 cocaine an illegal white powder drug /koʊˈkeɪn/ noun C1 Police found cocaine in the car.

4289 assured told firmly that something is true /əˈʃʊɹd/ verb C1 They assured us that the water was safe.

4295 torture causing great pain to punish or force someone /ˈtɔɹtʃɚ/ noun C1 The prisoners suffered torture.

4305 capabilities abilities or powers to do things /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz/ noun C1 The new phone has many capabilities.

4312 companion a person or animal you spend time with /kəmˈpænjən/ noun C1 The dog was his only companion.

4314 formerly in the past, but not now /ˈfɔɹmɚli/ adverb C1 The hotel was formerly a castle.

4315 constitutional to do with the basic laws of a country /ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəl/ adjective C1 It is a constitutional right.

4317 intellectual to do with thinking and the mind /ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃuəl/ adjective C1 He enjoys intellectual challenges.

4318 cult a small extreme religious group /ˈkʌlt/ noun C1 She left the cult after ten years.

4319 component one part of a larger whole /kəmˈpoʊnənt/ noun C1 Trust is a key component of any relationship.

4320 administrative to do with running an office or organisation /ədˈmɪnəˌstɹeɪtɪv/ adjective C1 She does administrative work.

4321 worship to show love and respect to God /ˈwɝʃəp/ verb, noun C1 They worship in the old church.

4325 pursuit the act of chasing or trying to get something /pɚˈsut/ noun C1 They live in pursuit of happiness.

4326 embrace to hold someone close in your arms; or to accept eagerly /ɛmˈbɹeɪs/ verb C1 She ran to embrace her son.

4327 diagnosis identifying an illness from its signs /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsəs/ noun C1 The doctor made a quick diagnosis.

4331 consciousness the state of being awake and aware /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/ noun C1 He lost consciousness after the fall.

4333 subsequent coming after something else /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/ adjective C1 Subsequent tests showed no problem.

4342 removal the act of taking something away /ɹɪˈmuvəl/ noun C1 The removal of the old tree took a day.

4351 instrumental playing a key part in causing something /ˌɪnstɹəˈmɛntəl/ adjective C1 She was instrumental in the success of the project.

4355 allegations claims of wrongdoing that are not yet proved /ˌæləˈɡeɪʃənz/ noun C1 He denies all the allegations.

4360 casualties people killed or injured in a war or accident /ˈkæʒəwəltiz/ noun C1 The war caused heavy casualties.

4364 epic very long and impressive, like a great story /ˈɛpɪk/ adjective C1 It was an epic journey across Asia.

4373 widespread found or happening in many places /ˈwaɪdˈspɹɛd/ adjective C1 There is widespread fear of war.

4378 flesh the soft part of a body under the skin /ˈflɛʃ/ noun C1 The knife cut into his flesh.

4381 collaboration working together with others to make something /kəˌlæbɚˈeɪʃən/ noun C1 The book was a collaboration between two writers.

4387 touchdown a score in American football made by carrying the ball over the line /ˈtʌtʃˌdaʊn/ noun C2 He scored a touchdown in the final minute.

4388 withdraw to take money out of an account; or to pull back /wɪðˈdɹɔ/ verb C1 I need to withdraw some cash.

4389 healing becoming well again after injury or illness /ˈhilɪŋ/ noun C1 The healing process takes time.

4393 condemned said publicly that something is very wrong /kənˈdɛmd/ verb C1 Leaders condemned the attack.

4394 scope the range of things that something covers /ˈskoʊp/ noun C1 That is beyond the scope of this report.

4401 spectrum a full range of colours, ideas or types /ˈspɛktɹəm/ noun C1 The party draws voters from across the political spectrum.

4402 segment one of the parts into which something is divided /ˈsɛɡmənt/ noun C1 This segment of the show is about food.

4413 dominated controlled, or had the most power over /ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd/ verb C1 One team dominated the whole game.

4416 destiny what will happen to a person in the future; fate /ˈdɛstəni/ noun C1 She believed it was her destiny to be a singer.

4420 reportedly according to what people say /ɹɪˈpɔɹtədli/ adverb C1 The singer is reportedly very ill.

4425 pit a deep hole in the ground /ˈpɪt/ noun C1 They dug a deep pit.

4432 resolved found an answer to a problem or dispute /ɹiˈzɑlvd/ verb C1 The problem was resolved quickly.

4435 conventional traditional and ordinary /kənˈvɛnʃənəl/ adjective C1 They prefer conventional medicine.

4438 slavery the system of owning people as property /ˈsleɪvɚi/ noun C1 Slavery was abolished in 1833.

4442 controversy strong public disagreement /ˈkɑntɹəˌvɝsi/ noun C1 The decision caused great controversy.

4447 residential having houses rather than shops or offices /ˌɹɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/ adjective C1 They live in a quiet residential area.

4448 toll the number of deaths; or money paid to use a road /ˈtoʊl/ noun C1 The death toll has risen to fifty.

4458 nominated officially put forward for a prize or job /ˈnɑməˌneɪtəd/ verb C1 She was nominated for an Oscar.

4463 significance importance or meaning /səɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ noun C1 Few people saw the significance of the event.

4464 snap to break suddenly with a sharp sound /ˈsnæp/ verb C1 I heard the dry branch snap.

4466 excess an amount that is more than needed /ˈɛkˌsɛs/ noun C1 Cut away any excess fat from the meat.

4467 faculty the teaching staff of a college or university /ˈfækəlti/ noun C1 She joined the faculty of the law school.

4470 colony a country ruled by another country /ˈkɑləni/ noun C1 The island was once a British colony.

4477 guilt the feeling of having done wrong /ˈɡɪlt/ noun C1 She felt a lot of guilt about leaving.

4478 acknowledged admitted that something is true /ækˈnɑlɪdʒd/ verb C1 He acknowledged his mistake.

4479 ethnic to do with a group sharing culture and origins /ˈɛθnɪk/ adjective C1 The city has many ethnic groups.

4481 guardian a person legally responsible for a child /ˈɡɑɹdiən/ noun C1 Her uncle became her legal guardian.

4482 legendary very famous and admired for a long time /ˈlɛdʒənˌdɛɹi/ adjective C1 He was a legendary football player.

4484 worthy deserving respect or attention /ˈwɝði/ adjective C1 The cause is worthy of support.

4488 backing support or help, often in the form of money /ˈbækɪŋ/ noun C1 The plan has the full backing of the board.

4492 sophisticated advanced and complex; or elegant and experienced /səˈfɪstəˌkeɪtɪd/ adjective C1 The system uses sophisticated technology.

4495 format the way something is arranged or presented /ˈfɔɹˌmæt/ noun C1 The book is available in digital format.

4497 interference getting involved when not wanted; or noise on a signal /ˌɪntɚˈfɪɹəns/ noun C1 They resented his interference in their lives.

4500 closure the permanent shutting of a business or road /ˈkloʊʒɚ/ noun C1 The closure of the factory cost many jobs.

4509 ammunition bullets and shells fired from weapons /ˌæmjəˈnɪʃən/ noun C1 The soldiers ran out of ammunition.

4511 martial connected with fighting or war /ˈmɑɹʃəl/ adjective C1 He teaches martial arts.

4536 literary connected with books and writing /ˈlɪtɚˌɛɹi/ adjective C1 She won a literary prize.

4539 prey an animal hunted and eaten by another /ˈpɹeɪ/ noun C1 The lion watched its prey.

4542 tribal connected with a social group sharing family ties and culture /ˈtɹaɪbəl/ adjective C1 They follow old tribal customs.

4549 swift happening or moving quickly /ˈswɪft/ adjective C1 We need a swift decision.

4551 collision a crash between moving things /kəˈlɪʒən/ noun C1 Two cars were involved in the collision.

4552 domain an area of knowledge or control; or a web address /doʊˈmeɪn/ noun C1 This is outside my domain.

4554 artillery large guns used by an army /ɑɹˈtɪlɚi/ noun C2 The artillery fired all night.

4557 casting choosing actors for the parts in a film or play /ˈkæstɪŋ/ noun C1 The casting for the film took months.

4561 halt a stop; or to stop /ˈhɔlt/ noun, verb C1 The train came to a halt.

4562 dominant more powerful or noticeable than others /ˈdɑmənənt/ adjective C1 He was the dominant player in the team.

4566 proceedings a legal case; or the events of a formal meeting /pɹoʊˈsidɪŋz/ noun C1 They started legal proceedings against him.

4572 grief deep sadness, especially after a death /ˈɡɹif/ noun C1 She was overcome with grief.

4573 breach the act of going against a law or agreement; or a gap /ˈbɹitʃ/ noun C1 This is a breach of contract.

4578 vocal of the voice; or expressing opinions openly /ˈvoʊkəl/ adjective C1 She has been very vocal about the problem.

4580 diversity a wide range of different people or things /dɪˈvɝsɪti/ noun C1 The city is proud of its diversity.

4584 narrator the person who tells a story /ˈnɛɹeɪtɚ/ noun C1 The narrator is a young boy.

4587 realm a kingdom; or an area of activity /ˈɹɛlm/ noun C2 The king ruled the whole realm.

4589 treasury the government department managing public money /ˈtɹɛʒɚi/ noun C1 The treasury announced new taxes.

4591 prosecutor a lawyer who tries to prove someone guilty in court /ˈpɹɑsɪˌkjutɚ/ noun C1 The prosecutor asked for a long sentence.

4595 scholars people who study a subject deeply, more than one /ˈskɑlɚz/ noun C1 Scholars disagree about the date.

4611 expertise special skill or knowledge in an area /ˌɛkspɚˈtiz/ noun C1 We need someone with legal expertise.

4612 subsequently after that /ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/ adverb C1 He was subsequently arrested.

4613 suspicion a feeling that someone has done wrong /səˈspɪʃən/ noun C1 He was arrested on suspicion of theft.

4614 hull the main body of a ship /ˈhʌl/ noun C2 The hull of the ship was damaged.

4617 enhance to improve the quality or value of /ɛnˈhæns/ verb C1 Good lighting will enhance the room.

4620 charter a formal document of rights and aims /ˈtʃɑɹtɚ/ noun C1 The United Nations Charter was signed in 1945.

4624 essence the most important quality of something /ˈɛsəns/ noun C1 Time is of the essence.

4627 tactics planned methods for reaching a goal /ˈtæktɪks/ noun C1 The coach changed his tactics.

4639 retain to keep or continue to have /ɹɪˈteɪn/ verb C1 They want to retain their best players.

4641 eligible allowed to do or receive something /ˈɛlədʒəbəl/ adjective C1 You are eligible for a refund.

4646 hostile unfriendly and ready to fight or argue /ˈhɑstəl/ adjective C1 The crowd was hostile to the speaker.

4647 influential having a strong effect on others /ˌɪnfluˈɛnʃəl/ adjective C1 She is a very influential writer.

4659 oath a formal promise, often made before God or a court /ˈoʊθ/ noun C1 The witness took an oath to tell the truth.

4669 array a large group or range of things /ɚˈeɪ/ noun C1 The shop sells a wide array of goods.

4674 bearing a connection or effect on something /ˈbɛɹɪŋ/ noun C1 This has no bearing on the result.

4675 progressive in favour of new ideas and change; or gradual /pɹəˈɡɹɛsɪv/ adjective C1 The party has progressive ideas.

4677 rod a long thin stick, often for fishing /ˈɹɑd/ noun C1 He caught a fish with his new rod.

4686 integrated combined into one working whole /ˈɪntəˌɡɹeɪtəd/ adjective, verb C1 We need an integrated transport system.

4687 petition a written request signed by many people /pəˈtɪʃən/ noun C1 Thousands signed the petition.

4690 deployed sent soldiers or equipment into action /dɪˈplɔɪd/ verb C1 More troops were deployed to the border.

4691 coup a sudden, often violent seizure of government /ˈku/ noun C2 The general led a military coup.

4698 strain pressure or worry; or to push too hard /ˈstɹeɪn/ noun, verb C1 He was under a lot of strain.

4707 ridge a long narrow top of a hill or mountain /ˈɹɪdʒ/ noun C1 We walked along the ridge of the hill.

4710 transit moving people or goods from one place to another /ˈtɹænzɪt/ noun C1 The goods were damaged in transit.

4714 beam a line of light; or a long piece of wood or metal /ˈbim/ noun C1 A beam of light came through the window.

4725 fiscal connected with public money and taxes /ˈfɪskəl/ adjective C1 The fiscal year ends in April.

4726 parish an area served by one church and priest /ˈpæɹɪʃ/ noun C2 He is the priest of a small parish.

4727 cardinal a senior priest of the Catholic Church /ˈkɑɹdənəl/ noun C2 The cardinal met the Pope in Rome.

4729 urged strongly advised or pressed someone /ˈɝdʒd/ verb C1 She urged him to see a doctor.

4733 incorporated included as a part of something larger /ˌɪnˈkɔɹpɚˌeɪtɪd/ verb C1 Your ideas were incorporated into the plan.

4734 arc a curved line, part of a circle /ˈɑɹk/ noun C1 The ball flew in a high arc.

4736 partially not completely /ˈpɑɹʃəli/ adverb C1 The road is partially closed.

4737 resignation officially leaving a job or position /ˌɹɛzəɡˈneɪʃən/ noun C1 The minister handed in his resignation.

4743 privilege a special right or advantage; or an honour /ˈpɹɪvlədʒ/ noun C1 It is a privilege to meet you.

4746 testament proof of something; or a part of the Bible /ˈtɛstəmənt/ noun C2 The building is a testament to his skill.

4759 preliminary coming before the main part; early /pɹɪˈlɪməˌnɛɹi/ adjective C1 These are only preliminary results.

4765 chancellor a head of government in some countries /ˈtʃænsəlɚ/ noun C1 The chancellor gave a speech.

4766 nomination the act of officially suggesting someone for a prize or job /ˌnɑməˈneɪʃən/ noun C1 Her nomination for the prize surprised us.

4769 violation the breaking of a law, rule or agreement /vaɪəˈleɪʃən/ noun C1 This is a violation of human rights.

4770 jurisdiction the official power to make legal decisions /ˌdʒʊɹəsˈdɪkʃən/ noun C2 The case is outside our jurisdiction.

4788 ritual actions always done in the same fixed way /ˈɹɪtʃuəl/ noun C1 Morning coffee is my daily ritual.

4794 stem the main thin part of a plant /ˈstɛm/ noun C1 Cut the stem of each flower.

4795 armor metal covering worn to protect the body in battle /ˈɑɹmɚ/ noun C1 The knight wore heavy armor.

4801 eternal lasting forever /ɪˈtɝnəl/ adjective C1 They swore eternal love.

4803 notable important or interesting enough to be noticed /ˈnoʊtəbəl/ adjective C1 This is a notable exception.

4804 warfare fighting between armies, especially by certain methods /ˈwɔɹˌfɛɹ/ noun C1 The city was destroyed by modern warfare.

4808 partial not complete /ˈpɑɹʃəl/ adjective C1 The plan was only a partial success.

4809 veteran a person who served in a war, or has long experience /ˈvɛtɚən/ noun C1 He is a veteran of the Second World War.

4811 interpretation an explanation of what something means /ˌɪnˌtɝpɹɪˈteɪʃən/ noun C1 There is another interpretation of the poem.

4814 comprehensive including everything /ˌkɑmpɹiˈhɛnsɪv/ adjective C1 The book gives a comprehensive guide.

4815 nonetheless in spite of that /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/ adverb C1 It was hard; nonetheless, we finished.

4817 racial connected with people's ethnic group /ˈɹeɪʃəl/ adjective C1 The law bans racial discrimination.

4827 immune protected from catching a disease /ˌɪˈmjun/ adjective C1 I am immune to the disease.

4829 suspension a ban from work or play for a period; or a car's springs /səˈspɛnʃən/ noun C1 He received a two-game suspension.

4831 simultaneously at the same time /ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəsli/ adverb C1 They both spoke simultaneously.

4848 distinguished famous and respected /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/ adjective C1 He is a distinguished professor.

4850 implement to put a plan or decision into action /ˈɪmpləmənt/ verb C1 The plan will be hard to implement.

4852 haven a safe, peaceful place /ˈheɪvən/ noun C1 The island is a haven for birds.

4853 syndrome a group of signs that mark a medical condition /ˈsɪnˌdɹoʊm/ noun C1 He suffers from a rare syndrome.

4858 kidnapped taken away by force and held prisoner /ˈkɪdˌnæpt/ verb C1 The businessman was kidnapped last year.

4869 judicial connected with courts and judges /dʒuˈdɪʃəl/ adjective C1 The country needs judicial reform.

4871 curse magic words meant to bring bad luck; or to swear /ˈkɝs/ noun, verb C1 The witch put a curse on him.

4877 probe a careful official enquiry; or to investigate /ˈpɹoʊb/ noun, verb C1 Police launched a probe into the deaths.

4879 premiere the first public showing of a film or play /pɹɛˈmɪɹ/ noun C1 The film had its premiere in Cannes.

4882 seemingly in a way that appears true /ˈsimɪŋli/ adverb C1 He was seemingly unaware of the danger.

4887 advocate a person who publicly supports an idea /ˈædvəkət/ noun, verb C1 She is a strong advocate of reform.

4893 likewise in the same way; also /ˈlaɪˌkwaɪz/ adverb C1 Watch him and do likewise.

4894 exclusively only, and for no one or nothing else /ɪkˈsklusɪvli/ adverb C1 The offer is exclusively for members.

4895 emerging just starting to exist or grow /ɪˈmɝdʒɪŋ/ adjective C1 They invest in emerging markets.

4899 conversion changing something from one form or use to another /kənˈvɝʒən/ noun C1 The conversion of the barn took a year.

4901 perception the way you see or understand something /pɚˈsɛpʃən/ noun C1 Our perception of risk is often wrong.

4903 homer a hit in baseball that lets the batter run round all four bases /ˈhoʊmɚ/ noun C2 He hit a homer in the ninth inning.

4909 default the setting used if no other is chosen /dɪˈfɔlt/ noun, adjective C1 The default language is English.

4922 foul an act against the rules of a sport; or very unpleasant /ˈfaʊl/ noun, adjective C1 The referee gave a foul.

4925 breakdown a failure of a machine; or a collapse of health /ˈbɹeɪkˌdaʊn/ noun C1 We had a breakdown on the motorway.

4928 ethics moral rules about right and wrong /ˈɛθɪks/ noun C1 The case raises questions of medical ethics.

4933 initiated started or caused to begin /ˌɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪtəd/ verb C1 She initiated the project in 2010.

4937 diagnosed identified as having a particular illness /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊst/ verb C1 She was diagnosed with diabetes.

4939 blessing something good that you are grateful for /ˈblɛsɪŋ/ noun C1 The rain was a blessing for farmers.

4942 cannon a large old gun that fires heavy balls /ˈkænən/ noun C1 The cannon fired at the ship.

4946 lodge a small house in the country, used for holidays /ˈlɑdʒ/ noun C1 We stayed in a ski lodge.

4955 bulk the main part; or a large size /ˈbʌlk/ noun C1 The bulk of the work is done.

4958 dose an amount of medicine taken at one time /ˈdoʊs/ noun C1 Take one dose every six hours.

4959 asylum protection given by a country to people fleeing danger /əˈsaɪləm/ noun C1 He asked for political asylum.

4962 consecutive following one after another without a break /kənˈsɛkjətɪv/ adjective C1 It rained for five consecutive days.

4963 execute to carry out a plan; or to kill as a legal punishment /ˈɛksəˌkjut/ verb C1 They will execute the plan next week.

4965 insight a deep understanding of something /ˈɪnˌsaɪt/ noun C1 The book gives an insight into her life.

4970 slot a narrow opening; or a time given for something /ˈslɑt/ noun C1 Put a coin in the slot.

4972 solely only, and involving nothing or nobody else /ˈsoʊəli/ adverb C1 He is solely responsible for the error.

4975 alternate every second one; or to take turns /ˈɔltɚnət/ adjective, verb C1 We meet on alternate Mondays.

4987 intimate very close and personal /ˈɪntəmət/ adjective C1 They had an intimate dinner for two.

4990 determination refusing to give up when something is hard /dɪˌtɝməˈneɪʃən/ noun C1 She showed great determination.

4993 rotation turning round a centre; or taking turns in order /ɹoʊˈteɪʃən/ noun C1 The players work in rotation.

4994 devastating causing great damage or shock /ˈdɛvəˌsteɪtɪŋ/ adjective C1 The news was devastating.

5000 conviction a court ruling that someone is guilty; or a firm belief /kənˈvɪkʃən/ noun C1 He has a previous conviction for theft.

C1–C2 English vocabulary